News Media And Voting Preferences Essay - 1391 Words

Introduction The news media plays an important role in society. It sets the stage for political news, manages sources, and controls the information. It functions as a window to the outside world, and possesses the ability to shape public knowledge, attitudes, and voting behavior. The relationship between news media and voting preferences has become a hot topic in recent years worldwide. This paper will focus on the social and social-psychological aspects of media influence on the voting preferences of the United Kingdom citizens. In general, news media may change the social setting in which people decide whether to vote or not, and, as a consequence, the process of voting itself. By conducting the research I would like to understand to what extent news media may influence voting preferences in the United Kingdom. The duration of research is one year, that is why longitudinal studies will not be used, but I will concentrate on comparative experimental field studies. The main objective s of the present study are: first of all, to identify and explore voting preferences concerning the General Election across the United Kingdom; second, to identify what types of news media people follow in the UK; third, to examine whether and why consumption patterns of news media correspond to voting preferences. Theoretical Background Academic research has consistently found that news media plays the important role in creating an informed electorate. Existing research proves thisShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Memory on Voting Behaviors809 Words   |  3 PagesThe Impact of Memory on Voting Behaviors In The Determinants and Consequences of Recall Error about Gulf War Preferences, Mark Joslyn examines the effects of outside influences on the opinions of voters. Specifically, Joslyn explores errors in autobiographical memories of opinions of the governments involvement in the Gulf War and studies the change of opinions of individuals pre and post war. Memories are an important factor when making political decisions. It is necessary to study theseRead MoreHow Much Exposure And Media Did The Individual Experience Before Voting Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesWith the majority of the survey being nominal with question variation the range of the answers could be Strong Democrat all the way to Strong Republican, A question that leads the research is, â€Å"How much exposure to media did the individual experience before voting and did that affect the way that individual voted?† Because at the end of the questioning that is the real answer to the question we’re asking. There is a noticeable differentiation in most of the questions asking how strong or weak anRead MoreAmeric An Interesting And Different Perspective On American Democracy998 Words   |  4 Pagesof. At the bottom you will find citizens’ preferences, then you have mediators, and lastly the formation of public policy. These different steps explain how democracy works as a sociological phenomenon; the public affects how public policies are created, and public policies affect the publics mind. Citizens’ preferences in American Democracy are thought of as the majority’s common preferences. This is usually represented through opinion polls and media. However, Perrin asks us the simple questionRead MoreExplanation Analysis And Video Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pages 1912 has positioned itself as the liberal party on domestic issues. The economic philosophy of Franklin D. Roosevelt, which has strongly influenced modern American liberalism, has shaped much of the party s agenda since 1932. Roosevelt s New Deal coalition controlled the White House until 1968 with the exception of Eisenhower 1953-1961. Democrats have generally been center-left and support social justice, social progressivism, a mixed economy, and the welfare state. In 2004, it wasRead MoreGovernment Essay - Elections1339 Words   |  6 Pagesone would think. Yes, people sometimes vote blindly along party lines, but there is a whole host of variables that can influence a voters decision, and, largely, the outcome of an entire election. Such variables include the issues at hand, party preferences, polling results and the medias coverage. While these criteria are ever-important influences in any election, there are a select few races in which they became more important than ever. Three elections in particular come to mind Ââ€" the electionsRead MoreTwo Party Preferred System in Australian Politics925 Words   |  4 Pagesof the two main political parties continually compete for the populist vote. This environment is dominated by the media portrayal of our political parties and as a result of this, policies for the long term interests of the country have become secondary to short term wins (Marsh, 2010). In his article Marsh (2010) suggests that the Australian political system could benefit from new infrastructure by replacing senate with committees of the legislature rather than the executive which could resultRead MoreThe American National Government Is A Influential Political System1622 Words   |  7 Pageslaw.† (Executive Branch, 2016) The Obama administration issued a letter of guidance to allow transgender access to restrooms but Texas Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick instructed the Texas schools not to obey the transgender bathroom decree. In his news conference Dan Patrick stated, This will be the end of public education, if this prevails, Patrick said. People will pull their kids out, homeschooling will explode, and private schools will increase. (http://insider.foxnews.com/2016/05/13/tx-Read MoreThe Politics of Establishing Urban Growth Areas in St. Claire1392 Words   |  6 PagesGrowth Management Unofficial Actors * Citizens * Johnson amp; James Corporation (Land Developers) * Political Parties * City Councils (Cooperville and Vanish Ridge) * Media and other interest groups (possible Unofficial Actors) 2) Members voting for the Amended Interim UGA: * Thorne is a member of the County Council’s Land Use Committee and one of the promoter of the two amendments applied to the original UGA. Also Thorne is very linked with developmentRead MoreModern Political Campaigns1854 Words   |  7 Pagescampaigns begin† (Holbrook 1996). Similarly, from the aggregate level, research also concludes that elections and voting behavior are determined by long-term political beliefs, economic factors, and incumbency strength rather than campaigns. Holbrook argues, â€Å"decades of voting behavior research suggests that campaigns should not be expected to play a consequential role in determining either voting behavior of election outcomes† (Holbrook 1996). Although the evidence presented may seem conclusive, this isRead MoreHow Does Media Bias Affect Campaigns? Essay1654 Words   |  7 PagesDoes Media Bias Affect Campaigns? Political scientist, journalists, and politicians alike often discuss the role of the news media’s place in affecting campaigns, and voter perceptions. Claims of media bias in political news coverage have risen over the past two decades. Scholarly research has explored concerns that broadcast and print media shape voting decisions in democratic processes. The aim of my literature review is to investigate and study the hypothesis that the more a specific news media

Week 3 Quiz World Cultures 2 Essay - 1575 Words

User | Allis Faye Luster | Course | World Cultures II | Test | Week 3 Quiz | Started | 7/17/13 9:53 PM | Submitted | 7/18/13 1:32 AM | Status | Completed | Attempt Score | 72 out of 80 points | Time Elapsed | 3 hours, 39 minutes out of 4 hours and 30 minutes. | Instructions | | Question 1 2 out of 2 points | Why did Gabrieli organize his compositions around a single note-the tonic note? Answer | | Selected Answer: | To heighten the sense of harmonic drama | Correct Answer: | To heighten the sense of harmonic drama | | | Question 2 2 out of 2 points | Why did the Baroque artists place†¦show more content†¦Answer | | Selected Answer: | To symbolize worldly wealth, vanity, and mortality | Correct Answer: | To symbolize worldly wealth, vanity, and mortality | | | Question 15 2 out of 2 points | According to Francis Bacon, what were the greatest obstacles to human understanding? Answer | | Selected Answer: | Superstition and religion | Correct Answer: | Superstition and religion | | | Question 16 2 out of 2 points | Why were the Catholic and the Protestant Churches opposed to Keplers and Galileos heliocentric theory? Answer | | Selected Answer: | For contradicting certain biblical passages | Correct Answer: | For contradicting certain biblical passages | | | Question 17 2 out of 2 points | In The Little Street why does Vermeer include a half-whitewashed wall and a mortar-filled cracked faà §ade? Answer | | Selected Answer: | To show the tensions of domestic life | Correct Answer: | To show the tensions of domestic life | | | Question 18 2 out of 2Show MoreRelatedYolo1583 Words   |  7 PagesSciences San Beda College COURSESYLLABUS First Semester, AY2014-2015 San Beda College, a Catholic educational institution, is committed to the Christian formation of the Bedan Community as its service to the Church, the Philippine society, and the world. Vision : San Beda College envisions a community that is Fully Human, Wholly Christian, Truly Filipino, and Globally Competitive. Mission : San Beda College aims to form its members in Faith, Knowledge, and Virtue Core Values : Inculcate in the studentsRead MoreEssay on ART 305 Syllabus 1 2559 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿ART 305: ART MASS CULTURE Class Syllabus Professor Eve Wood Fall 2014 Office hours: Thu 3PM by appt. Office: Sagebrush 224 Office phone: (818) 677-6454 - no messages E-mail: wood_eve@csun.edu Meeting time: ONLINE COURSE DESCRIPTION: Prerequisite: Completion of the lower division writing requirement. An introduction for the non-art major to the relationships between art and mass culture. Illustrated lectures explore the development, techniques, and ideas underlying theRead MoreEssay about Eth/125 Week 4 Quiz 21445 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material Quiz 2 Week 4 Quiz - Ch. 5 Schaefer (2012) This is a multiple choice/short answer quiz and each item is worth 1.5 points for a total of 60 points. There is only one correct response for each numbered item, and you should use Schaefer (2012) to determine the best response. For multiple choice questions, type the letter of the correct answer next to the corresponding question number on the answer sheet. For short answer responses, type your answer next to theRead MoreUsing Sei Strategies in a Siop Lesson Plan Essay1494 Words   |  6 Pagesutilizes one of the â€Å"best practices,† in instructing ELL’s in the classroom according to Chamot. â€Å"Effective bilingual and ESL teachers utilize instructional practices that value and draw from students native language(s) and culture(s).† (Chamot, 1993). They can explain their culture to the class in a fun interactive way that allows them to be who they are and where they are from, and allows the class to better understand them. Another good practice for the lesson is modeling. Through modeling whatRead Moreapollo 500851 Words   |  4 Pagesand belief systems that they will encounter in today’s culture. Upon completion, the student will have a basic understanding of world religions, as well as the knowledge to effectively communicate the gospel with people of other faiths. Rationale Scripture tells us, â€Å"But sanctify the Lord God in your hearts, and always be ready to give a defense to everyone who asks you a reason for the hope that is in you, with meekness and fear† 1 Peter 3:15 (NKJV). Through this course, you will be equippedRead MoreWeek 5 Quiz Humanities Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesCourse | World Cultures I | Test | Week 5 Quiz | Started | 8/14/12 10:01 PM | Submitted | 8/15/12 12:53 AM | Status | Completed | Score | 62 out of 80 points    | Time Elapsed | 2 hours, 52 minutes out of 3 hours. | Instructions | This quiz consist of 40 multiple choice questions. The first 10 questions  cover the material in  Chapter 4. The second 10 questions cover the material in Chapter 5. The third 10 questions cover the material in Chapter 6. The last 10 questions cover theRead MoreBshs 4022574 Words   |  11 Pages------------------------------------------------- Course Syllabus BSHS/402 CASE MANAGEMENT Course Start Date: 10/30/2012 Course End Date: 12/3/2012          Please print a copy of this syllabus for handy reference. Whenever there is a question about what assignments are due, please remember this syllabus is considered the ruling document. Copyright Copyright  ©2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. University of Phoenix © is a registered trademark of Apollo GroupRead MoreDeveloping a Mentor Program for Nurses1454 Words   |  6 PagesJ Nurses Staff Dev. 2010 Jul-Aug;26(4):E12-7. Can Oper Room Nurs J. 2009 Jun;27(2):6-7, 14-5, 28-30. Mentoring new nurses in stressful times. Young LE. The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario. Clin Nurse Spec. 2009 Mar-Apr;23(2):61-7. Perceptions within a mentorship program. Wolak E, McCann M, Queen S, J Nurses Staff Dev. 2008 Sep-Oct;24(5):203-11; quiz 212-3. The development of expert performance in nursing. Haag-Heitman B. Clinical Practice and Standards, Extendicare Health ServicesRead MoreHuman Behavior in Organizations3648 Words   |  15 PagesISBN 0-13-609019-2 or 978-0-13-609019-9 See the last page of the syllabus for how you can purchase the text as an ebook. Course Objectives Upon completion of this course, students will be able to: 1. To develop an understanding of management functions and principles 2. To develop an understanding of basic behavioral theory and its application to contemporary organizations 3. To illustrate an understanding of basic behavioral techniques and their use in the world of managementRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racism1018 Words   |  5 Pagessmelling like curry, or mocking us with our thick accents. Stereotypes have always been around, they have been used to make some funny jokes, but others have used it personally and criticize people with it. That is why racism is a big problem in this world with people using stereotypes to verbally attack people, thinking those things are true for every race and not getting to know people before judging them. My friends always turn to these jokes when they want to make fun of me but, I never take it personal

Disruptive technology a heartbeat away free essay sample

Ecton is going to position the company to be acquired but the board of directors and clinical advisors has some concerns about the ramifications of that plan. This paper evaluates Cannon’s Phase III Plan on March 1998. Cannon proposed a path for the next year containing five major points (Edward, 1999, 8 and 9). The bottom line of this proposal is positioning Ecton to be acquired by the end of the 1998. One of the crucial concerns of this acquisition is the possible effects on â€Å"Ecton’s product development process†. Another concern Cannon holds is the ability of Ecton to penetrate a very harsh market fills with big, established, and advanced manufacturers. Also, Cannon is not sure on how to approach specific market segments, such as ICUs in hospitals. Moreover, the absence of marking, sales, and production departments adds a burden on Ecton when it comes to negotiate its acquisition. All of these concerns and more will be discussed in the next few pages. We will write a custom essay sample on Disruptive technology a heartbeat away or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Acquisition: Pros The idea of being acquired has pros and cons. Starting from the pros first will help to understand some reasons behind this particular decision. The first advantage for Ecton to be acquired is the great chance to survive and to be away from a very tough-to-penetrate market. To have a clear picture for the market situation in 1996, the market share for Hewlett Packard exceeds 60% of the major cardiac ultrasound manufacturing, which equals to $ 470. 4 million. Furthermore, Ecton will be having an ultimate chance to overcome barriers to entry in Echocardiography. In other word, after acquisition, Ecton’s product is expected to be presented in conferences and seminars hold by prestigious cardiac institutes and organizations, such as American Heart Association. That is because the presence of the giant major cardiac ultrasound manufacturing names which is associated with the respected cardiac institutes and organizations. In this way, the need to breakdown the cardiologists’ lobby with the echocardiography manufacturers will not be a burden for Ecton for marketing its product. Ecton imaging system will have the advantage of having the needed networks to introduce and market its product. An important point to know is how favorable the echocardiography market is by analyzing the five competitive forces (see exhibit 1). The echocardiography market is highly competitive market; thus, having the chance to enter this market via a big name will be a strategic step to do by a start-up company like Ecton Inc. In addition to Cannon, the board of directors and the clinical advisors do not seem to have the potential to establish the marketing, sales, and production departments even though it is in their contingency plan. They are very busy working on their scientific elements of Ecton imaging system. Therefore, the acquisition will save the efforts of those genius scientists to focus on Ecton’s continues improvement, especially in such growing market. Moreover, the financial structure of Ecton Inc. was set by Cannon as if Ecton will be acquired by the end of the next year. The estimated cumulative global market for Ecton imaging system for four years starting from 1999 is $760 million (20,000 expected units to be sold globally in four years * $38,000 per/unit). This estimate by Ecton Inc.  did not take in account the cost of the marketing and other logistics for the product, which will be taken care of by the acquirer supposedly. One important component that may boost Ecton imaging product after acquisition is the benefits of the current competitors regardless who will take this acquisition. For example, the superior image quality of Acuson ultrasound instrument, the sophisticated edge detection algorithms of Hewlett Packard, and the Doppler innovation of both Acuson and ATL (see exhibit 2). Ecton’s machine has the advantage of being mobile, compact, and cheap comparing with the market prices. Therefore, combining the strengths of the Ecton’s imaging system together with one of those dominant manufacturers is expected to produce more novel instruments. Although Ecton Inc. could obtain 0. 5 million in the first year, 1996, and another 1. 5 million the year after, the necessary funds for Ecton Inc. in 1998 have not met yet. That is because VC firms are not attracted to the medical imaging industry even though industry’s experts are expecting a high growth rate (mainly because ultrasound instruments provide less expensive diagnosis tool than MRA machines and other imaging diagnostic tools). This situation puts more pressure on the company’s growth plan. The acquisition is one of the best ways to survive in this market, especially with a start-up company like Ecton Inc. Moreover, in case if the seven trail tests succeeded in spring 1998, the lack of required funds is expected to cause a delay of delivery for the next year orders. Cannon proposes a contingency plane that contains establishing independent marketing and production units; however, there is still a high risk regarding the time frame of the production process. Acquisition will provide a good penetration for Ecton Inc.by expanding its market to enter the most difficult ones, hospitals. That is because hospitals are heading to consolidation. Since Ecton team has only one product, this will not satisfy hospitals which prefer to have all of their equipment from one vendor. Acquisition: Cons Ecton team has potential alternative markets, such as the privet practice, primary care physician angles, and international market. Being acquired will decrease Ecton chance to obtain a decent global market share. For instant, expected global market share for Ecton Inc.  after four years is 9% (see exhibit 3 and exhibit 4), which is the same market share of the second largest ultrasound manufacturers currently. The first concern of Ecton’s board of directors and clinical advisors is the impact on their activities when acquired, specifically, the â€Å"product development process†. Cannon and his team left their previous company, Interspect, because of its way to handle their product development process. In other words, Ecton team wants to focus on its product instead of solving products’ problem or rescuing other project. Thus, Cannon and his partners will work in more freedom environment if they keep their company away from acquisition. Action Plan If Ecton machine passes the tests, Cannon should actively approach the big manufacturers, HP, Acuston or ATL. In this way, Ecton team will be focusing on developing their product and start working on a new product in parallel. The acquired company then will launch the production line for Ecton imaging system which expected not to take long time (because they share the same domain, ultrasound instrument knowledge). Since the future is for the contrast echocardiography, Ecton team may start research in this specific field. Ecton’s board of directors and clinical advisors may express their conditional approval of any acquisition based on the team core objective, which is their special product development process. Moreover, targeting global market, specifically, developing countries may help the established company, or acquirer, to justify the new competitive low price of the Ecton machine, $38,000.

The Killer In Your Yard Essay Research free essay sample

The Killer In Your Yard Essay, Research Paper Whenever the topic of pesticides comes up, it # 8217 ; s easy to indicate a finger at husbandmans. But we householders, with our manicured lawns and alien flower gardens, have nil to be smug about. Each twelvemonth we pour about 136 million lbs of pesticides on our places, lawns, and gardens, which amounts to three times more per acre than the mean husbandman applies. In fact, most of the wildlife pesticide toxic conditions reported to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency consequence from place usage. Harmonizing to the EPA # 8217 ; s wildlife mortality incident database, merely three of the chemicals normally used in the garden and place # 8211 ; diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and brodifacoum # 8211 ; kill 1000s of birds each twelvemonth. In the early 1990s two California metropolitan countries # 8211 ; the City of Davis and cardinal Contra Costa County # 8211 ; discovered degrees of diazinon and chlorpyrifos, high plenty to harm aquatic beings, in their storm-water systems. We will write a custom essay sample on The Killer In Your Yard Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After proving, functionaries in both topographic points determined that the greatest beginning of pesticides in local surface Waterss was single-family places. # 8220 ; Chlorpyrifos is really prevailing, # 8221 ; says Jacques DeBra, pollution bar plan director with the City of Davis Public Works Department. # 8220 ; It # 8217 ; s like cut downing the lawn. Peoples have been utilizing it for old ages. It # 8217 ; s difficult to acquire them to look at alternatives. # 8221 ; Curiously plenty, both diazinon and chlorpyrifos ( see chart, below ) , because of their high toxicity to birds and wildlife, run into the Environmental Protection Agency # 8217 ; s standards for # 8220 ; restricted usage, # 8221 ; which means that they require a license and preparation to buy. The Rachel Carson Council petitioned the EPA to upgrade the label for diazinon in 1997 and last twelvemonth requested that the usage of chlorpyrifos be banned around homes. When and where pesticides are used is besides critical. The bulk of bird putting to deaths occur in February in southern provinces, whe re the early growth season and spring migration coincide, followed by March, May, and April, the months when birds every bit good as nurserymans are on the move. Birds with the highest hazard of exposure include water bird, such as brant geese, which have been known to eat big measures of pesticide-treated leaf. Seed-eating songsters, because they are attracted to pesticide granules and treated seeds, are besides at high hazard. A 3rd hard-hit group includes scavengers every bit good as bird of preies such as red-tailed hawks or great-horned bird of Minerva, which frequently feed on pesticide-poisoned quarry. To assist cut down the pesticide menace, the National Audubon Society has launched BirdCast, a concerted plan with Cornell University # 8217 ; s Laboratory of Ornithology, Clemson University # 8217 ; s Radar Ornithology Laboratory, the Academy of Natural Sciences, and Geo-Marine, a private technology house. Using state-of-the-art NEXRAD radio detection and ranging and studies from citizen-scientists, the plan will utilize the Internet to post elaborate radio detection and ranging images of bird migrations in the Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C. , metropolitan countries. The site ( www.BirdSource.org/Birdcast/ ) will state what pesticides to avoid during peak migrations and how to do your backyard more hospitable to birds. The site will besides supply information on local plague menaces and the safest ways to pull off them. More of import, 1000s of bird watchers will acquire the opportunity to lend to the undertaking by verifying the species that visit their backyards or favourite birding musca volitanss. They will so be able to come in their sightings into a database and see running runs of species about immediately. Kicking the pesticide wont isn # 8217 ; t mission impossible. Just inquire one of the state # 8217 ; s more than 6,000 certified organic husbandmans, or the City of Arcata, California, which, after 15 old ages of utilizing atoxic plague controls, banned all pesticide usage on metropolis belongings as of this past February.

Using the Spanish Preposition Sobre

Using the Spanish Preposition Sobre Like many Spanish prepositions, sobre can be used in a variety of ways that dont seem to have any logical connection. One of the more common Spanish prepositions, sobre can be the equivalent of the English prepositions on, about, or over, among others. In some cases, it can help to know that sobre comes from the Latin super-, which, among other things, functioned as a preposition meaning above or beyond. But while a few of the uses of sobre have clearly related meanings, not all do. Be aware that sobre also can function as a masculine noun meaning envelope, packet, or, in informal usage, bed.) Most Common Ways in Which Sobre Is Used Nearly all the time, sobre is used in one of the following ways: Sobre as a Preposition of Location Sobre is often used to indicate that something is on top or or above something. In some such situations, sobre can be used more or less interchangeably with the preposition en. There usually isnt much significant difference, for example, between sobre la mesa and en la mesa, which both can be translated as on the table. Other times, over is a more suitable translation, such as when sobre means above. Coloca una pierna ​sobre el piso. (Place your knee on the floor.)La distribucià ³n correcta de la presià ³n del cuerpo sobre la silla es esencial para el confort. (The correct distribution of the bodys weight over the chair is essential for comfort.)Una lluvia de astillas volà ³ sobre el coche. (A shower of splinters flew onto the car.)Si pudieras volar sobre el ojo del huracn, al mirar hacia abajo verà ­as claramente la superficie del mar o la tierra. (If you could fly over the eye of the hurricane, upon looking down you would clearly see the surface of the sea or Earth.) Sobre Meaning ‘About,’ ‘Concerning,’ or ‘On the Subject Of’ When sobre is used to describe that something concerns or is about a subject, it functions in the same way that de can. In these situations, sobre is usually more formal than de. About is nearly always a good translation, although others such as of are possible. Ésta es la primera edicià ³n sobre un libro sobre nuestra mà ºsica popular. (This is the first edition of a book about our popular music.)Pelà © presenta documental sobre su vida en Nueva York. (Pelà © is presenting a documentary about his life in New York.) ¿Quà © piensas sobre el uso de los antibià ³ticos? (What do you think about using the antibiotics?) Using Sobre To Indicate Superiority or Influence Sobre often can translate over when it is used to indicate superiority in matters of influence or control. El uso del bus triunfa sobre el coche entre los universitarios. (Among university students, the use of buses triumphs over the use of cars.)La industria de salud posee una enorme influencia sobre las polà ­ticas de salud. (The health industry has a great influence over the politics of health.)Me es repugnante la dominacià ³n de un sexo sobre el otro. (The domination of one sex over the other is repugnant to me.) Sobre in Time Approximations Sobre is frequently used in time expressions to indicate that the time given is approximate. The English translations about or around are often used. Sobre is less commonly used in other types of approximations, such as for physical measurements. Sobre las seis de la tarde volvimos al hotel. (We are arriving at the hotel at about 6 in the evening.)Sobre 1940 el mercado de la ciencia ficcià ³n comenzà ³ a subir de nuevo. (Around 1940 the market for science fiction began to grow again.)La tormenta pasar sobre el mediodà ­a de este sbado. (The storm will pass through around noon on this Saturday.)Esperamos olas de sobre cuatro metros de altura. (We are hoping for waves about four meters high.) Sobre for Motion Around Sobre can be used to indicate rotation around an axis. About and around are the most common translations. El planeta gira sobre su eje una vez cada 58,7 dà ­as. (The planet rotates around its axis once each 58.7 days.)La Tierra rota sobre un eje imaginario que pasa a travà ©s de sus polos. (The Earth rotates about an imaginary axis which passes between its two poles.) Key Takeaways The Spanish preposition sobre is common, but it cant be translated by any single English preposition.One common meaning of sobre is to indicate that something is on top or above something else.Another common use of sobre is to indicate the subject that something else, such as a book, is about.

11 Beautiful Blue Gemstones You Need to See

Beautiful Blue Gemstones You Need to See SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Out ofall the rainbow of colors gemstones can come in, blue gemstones are the most popular.There are a huge variety of blue gems, from delicate pale aquato richly saturated dark blue.Some stones are pure blue, while others include shades of violet, green, white, or gold. This guide explores of the most popular and beautiful gemstones. Each of these blue gemstones includes a chart with important characteristics,as well as average prices for each gemstone, how it is used in jewelry, and how it'sunique from other blue gemstones. If you are interested inpurchasing a blue gemstone or jewelry that includes a blue gemstone but aren't sure which type of stone to buy, our guide will helpyou easily compare different blue stones. At the end of this guide, there is also a section on how to choose the bestblue gemstone for you. The Blue Gemstones Agate Aquamarine Azurite Benitoite Blue Diamond Lapis Lazuli Sapphire Tanzanite Blue Topaz Tourmaline Turquoise 6 Key Gemstone Terms, Defined Before jumping into the different blue stones, let's clarify some of the key criteria used to assess gemstones. Criteria 1: Diaphaneity Also known as transparency, diaphaneity describes how light interacts with the surface of a material. There are three types of interactions. Transparent: Light can enter and exit the material (such asglass). Translucent: Light can enter and exit, but it gets distorted passing through the material (such asparchment paper). Opaque: Light cannot penetrate the surface (such aswood). Criteria 2:Hardness The harder a gemstone is, the less susceptible it is to damage.The Mohs scale measures mineral hardness on a scale of 1-10. Gemstones with a hardness of about 7.0 or less are often not recommended to be worn daily because of the high possibility of them getting scratched or otherwise damaged. Criteria 3: Specific Gravity Specific gravity measures the relative density of a gemstone. A one carat gemstone with a higher specific gravity will be slightly smaller than a one carat gemstone with a lower specific gravity. Criteria 4: Refractive Index Refractive index measures how light passes through a material. Gemstones with a higher refractive index appear more brilliant and â€Å"sparkly† than those with lower refractive indexes. Most gemstones have refractive indexes between 1.5 and 1.7. A refractive index above 2.0 is rare and seen only in a handful of gemstones. Criteria 5: Luster Luster refers to how a gemstone appears when light hits it. There are multiple categories of luster. The ones mentioned in this guide are: Adamantine: Mirror-like appearance; highest degree of luster Dull: Reflects little light, but can be enhanced by polishing Resinous: Appearance of resin or plastic Vitreous: Glass-like Waxy: Resembles wax Criteria 6: Price per Carat A carat refers to 20mg of a stone.For each gemstone, average price can vary widely depending on the quality and cut of the gem, but rough averages are given so you can get a senseof how expensive one stone is compared to the others.Price is based on cut and polished gems, not rough gems. Agate Color Range All shades of blue, often with other colors included Diaphaneity Translucent Mohs Scale Hardness 6.5-7 Specific Gravity 2.66 Refractive Index 1.53-1.54 Luster Waxy Average Price per Carat $0.50-$25 Agate, a banded form of the mineral chalcedony, comes in a variety of a variety of vivid colors, including the full spectrum of blue. These colors can be either natural or enhanced with dyes. Because of the potential variation in banding and color, agate has some of the widest variation from one stone to another seen inany mineral. You could purchase ten pieces of agate, and they could all look completely different from one another. Agate is also one of the cheapest gemstones on this list, and agate jewelry is often very reasonably priced.It is most common for agate stones to be used as pendants for necklaces since large pendantsincludemore bands of color than smaller pieces of agate would. Where it’s found: Agate is very abundant and found all over the world. What sets it apart: Its vivid bands often comprisinga variety of colors. Aquamarine Color Range Very light to dark blue, often with greenish hues Diaphaneity Transparent to translucent Mohs Scale Hardness 7.0-8.0 Specific Gravity 2.72 Refractive Index 1.57-1.58 Luster Vitreous to resinous Average Price per Carat $10-$500 Aquamarine prices can vary widely depending on the size and quality of the stone. As with most blue gemstones, stones that are a darker, more vivid blue are generally more expensive (and rarer) than light blue stones. Aquamarine is a popular gemstone and is used in many types of jewelry, although rings are often the most popular way for them to be set. Aquamarine is also the birthstone for the month of March, which helps contribute to its popularity.Aquamarine is often found in large crystals which makes it possible for large stones to be cut, polished, and set into jewelry or purchased by collectors. The largest gem-quality aquamarine ever discovered weighed over 240 pounds. Where it’s found: Most aquamarine is mined in Brazil, with other large deposits found in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. What sets it apart: Aquamarine stones are often highly transparent, causing them to catch a lot of light and sparkle more than other stones. Azurite Color Range Deep blue Diaphaneity Transparent to Translucent Mohs Scale Hardness 3.5-4.0 Specific Gravity 3.7-3.8 Refractive Index 1.73-1.84 Luster Vitreous or dull Average Price per Carat $10-$100 Azurite is known for its deep blue, azure color. As opposed to many other blue gemstones, azurite rarely needs to undergo treatment to enhance its color.Due to its vivid color, azurite has been used as a pigment for hundreds of years. As opposed to many other blue gemstones, azurite is not faceted. Instead, it is cut and polished into pieces known as cabochons. When put in jewelry, azurite is often combined with deep green malachite. The two minerals are often found in the same deposit. As one of the softer stones, azurite jewelry must be handled with care, or the stones must be placed in settings that protect them from bumps and scrapes. Over time, azurite’s deep blue color can fade to green; all azurite jewelry should be safely stored away from sunlight and drafts, preferably in a closed jewelry box. Where it’s found: Azurite is one of the rarer blue stones, but significant deposits have been found in the USA, France, and Namibia. What sets it apart: It’s deep azure color. Benitoite Color Range Medium to dark blue or violet Diaphaneity Transparent to Translucent Mohs Scale Hardness 6.0-6.5 Specific Gravity 3.64 Refractive Index 1.76-1.80 Luster Vitreous Average Price per Carat $250-$5000 Benitoite is one of the world’s rarest gemstones, found in just one place in the world.Benitoite has one of the highest dispersion ratings of all gemstones, including diamond. Dispersion rating measures the ability to take white light and disperse it to other colors of the spectrum. This gives benitoite its characteristic brilliance and fire. When used in jewelry, benitoite stones tend to be small due to both their high price and the rarity of the gemstone. Where it’s found: San Benito County, California What sets it apart: It’s rarity and natural â€Å"fire†. Blue Diamond Color Range Pale to dark blue Diaphaneity Transparent Mohs Scale Hardness 10.0 Specific Gravity 3.52 Refractive Index 2.42 Luster Adamantine Average Price per Carat Treated: $1,500-$,500 Naturally Colored: $10,000 -$100,000+ Diamond is most famous as a colorless stone, but blue diamonds can be created by treating clear diamonds. Also, deposits of naturally blue diamonds have been found, but they are very rare.Blue diamonds often have a light blue color, often with a greenish tint. Diamond is the hardest natural material on earth, and it also has one of the highest refractive indexes of all gemstones.Blue diamondsare nearly impossibleto damage and can therefore be used in all types of jewelry. Diamonds are one of the most expensive gemstones, and blue diamonds can command even higher prices than regular diamonds because of their rarity and the treatment required to enhance their color. Naturally blue diamonds, because they are so rare, are significantly pricier than comparable colorless diamonds. Where it’s found: Diamonds are found worldwide, with large mines in Russia, Western Australia, and Southern Africa. What sets it apart: It’s hardness, high refractive index, and brilliant adamantine luster. Lapis Lazuli Color Range Medium-deep blue, often with white and gold mottling Diaphaneity Semi-translucent to opaque Mohs Scale Hardness 5.0-5.5 Specific Gravity 2.75 Refractive Index 1.50 Luster Dull Average Price per Carat $1-$50 In contrast to the other gemstones on this list, lapis lazuli is not a mineral. Instead, it’s a rock composed of multiple minerals including lazurite, calcite, and sparkling pyrite flecks.Since antiquity, lapis lazuli has been used for jewelry and as a dye. On the famous funeral mask of Tutankhamun, the eyebrows were made of lapis lazuli. Lapis lazuli stones are often cut into cabochons and beads to be used in bracelets, necklaces, and pendants. Some pieces are also ornately carved and then used in jewelry. Where it’s found: Lapis lazuli is found in numerous countries, but Afghanistan is the world’s leading source of the stone. What sets it apart: The contrast between the deep blue stone and sparkling golden flecks often found in lapis lazuli. Sapphire Color Range Deep blue, occasionallyclear and light blue Diaphaneity Transparent to opaque Mohs Scale Hardness 9.0 Specific Gravity 4.00 Refractive Index 1.76-1.77 Luster Vitreous to adamantine Average Price per Carat $500-$5000 Sapphire is the world’s most popular blue gemstone,beloved for its deep blue color and resistance to damage. Theyare also one of the mooreexpensive gemstones on this list. Sapphires with a more vivid, saturated blue color are more expensive than paler stones, and heat treatment is sometimes used to enhance the color of a sapphire. Sapphires that have deeply saturated color without any heat treament are significantly more expensive than sapphires that have undergone heat treatment. Sapphires are widely used in all types jewelry, and, because of their durability, wearers do not have to worry about damaging the stone. Sapphire stones also often have high clarity and a brilliant cut, enhancing their sparkle. One of the most famous pieces of sapphire jewelry is the engagement ring of Diana, Princess of Wales, now worn by Kate Middleton. The ring features a 12-carat sapphire surrounded by diamonds. Where it’s found: Sapphires are found throughout the world. The three most famous countriesfor sapphire mining are Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Pakistan. What sets it apart: It’s durability and brilliance. Tanzanite Color Range Pale to dark blue, violet Diaphaneity Transparent Mohs Scale Hardness 6.5 Specific Gravity 3.30 Refractive Index 1.69-1.70 Luster Vitreous Average Price per Carat $75-$1500 Tanzanite is one of the most newly-discovered gemstones; the single deposit was only discovered in 1967.Since then, however; tanzanite has achieved widespread popularity due to its deep blue and violet coloring.Deep blue and bluish violet tanzanite stones are the most desired (and expensive) form of the stone, but tanzanite can also come in pale hues. Most tanzanite undergoes heat treatment to deepen its blue color. Tanzanite is often used as a less expensive alternative to similarly-colored sapphire. However, tanzanite’s low degree of hardness makes it susceptible to damage, so it is often set in pendants and earrings, which are prone to fewerbumps than bracelets and rings. Tanzanite is one of the rarer gems, and some people expect deposits to run out in several decades. Because of this, tanzanite prices are expected to rise in the future. Where it’s found: Tanzanite is found at a single site, in the northern hills of Tanzania. What sets it apart: One of the most affordable deep-blue gemstones. Blue Topaz Color Range Pale to dark blue, also comes in other colors Diaphaneity Translucent to transparent Mohs Scale Hardness 8.0 Specific Gravity 3.53 Refractive Index 1.62-1.64 Luster Vitreous Average Price per Carat $5-$25 Topaz has one of the widest color ranges of any gemstone, with blue being one of the most commoncolors. Topaz’s blue color rarely occurs naturally; the stone is almost always treated to turn it blue or deepen its blue color.Additionally, topaz is pleochroic, meaning it can appear different colors depending on the direction you’re looking at it. Topaz forms some of the largest crystals of any gemstone. Brazilian deposits are particularly large, and topaz crystals have been discovered that weigh over 500 pounds and are the size of boulders. Topaz is one of the leastexpensive blue gemstones and this, coupled with its naturally large crystals, make it possible for large topaz stones to be set in jewelry at affordable prices.After topaz has been faceted, it can take such a high polish that the stone is slippery to the touch. Where it’s found: Topaz is an abundant gemstone and found in numerous countries. Significant deposits are in Brazil, Utah, and the Ural Mountains of Russia. What sets it apart: Low price and high polish. Tourmaline Color Range Light to dark blue, as well as violet-blue and greenish-blue Diaphaneity Transparent to opaque Mohs Scale Hardness 7.0-7.5 Specific Gravity 3.06 Refractive Index 1.62-1.64 Luster Vitreous Average Price per Carat Paraà ­ba: $150-$16,000 Other varieties: $5-$500 Tourmaline has one of the widest color ranges of any gemstone, and blue tourmaline can range from pale aqua to deep azure and nearly every hue in between.The most famous variety of blue tourmaline is Paraà ­ba Tourmaline(pictured above),which can come in vivid shades of blue, violet-blue, or greenish-blue not found naturally in other tourmaline stones. Paraà ­ba Tourmaline is very rare, soits prices are much higher than other varieties of tourmaline.On rare occasions, blue tourmaline also includes a cat’s eye, where light reflects off the stone in a way that resembles the slit eye of a cat. Tourmaline is used in a wide variety of jewelry, and blue tourmaline stones are often set with tourmaline of other colors for contrast and variety. Where it’s found: Paraà ­ba Tourmaline is found in Paraà ­ba, Brazil, and other forms of blue tourmaline are found in multiple sites around the world. What sets it apart: Its wide range of colors that cover nearly the entire blue spectrum. Turquoise Color Range Light-medium blue and blue-green Diaphaneity Opaque Mohs Scale Hardness 5.0-6.0 Specific Gravity 1.61-1.65 Refractive Index 2.73 Luster Waxy to subvitreous Average Price per Carat $5-$500 One of the oldest stones used for jewelry, turquoise has long been prized for its vivid sky blue and blue-green color, often highlighted by an attractive spiderweb of dark veins across the stone. Turquoise doesn’t have the sparkle and clarity of many other blue stones, but its rich color haskept it popular for centuries.When used in jewelry, turquoise is often formed into cabochons or beads. Because it’s a relatively soft stone, it can also be intricately carved for pendants and other jewelry pieces. Where it’s found:There are significant deposits in the Middle East, USA, and China. What sets it apart: It’s opaque blue-green color. How to Pick the Perfect Blue Gemstone Eachof the blue stonesabove has attractive and unique characteristics, but which one is best for you? There are fourcriteria to consider when choosing a gemstone: Price This will likely be the most important factor in picking a blue gem. You may love sapphires but don't want to spend several thousand dollars on a high-quality piece of sapphire jewelry. Browse the price ranges listed for each of the blue stones, keeping in mind that price can vary significantly depending on the size, cut, and quality of a stone. Also, if you're interested in a specific stone that's out of your price range, there are often less expensive but similar-looking alternatives. Tanzanite is often used as a substitute for sapphire, and many aquamarines have a light blue color similar to blue diamonds. If you have your heart set on a specific gemstone, you may be able to find a price within your budget by looking at smaller stones or stones with minor blemishes or discolorations (these are often very difficult or impossible to see with the naked eye). A jeweler can explain the finer points of gemstone pricing if you want more information. Color Blue gemstones come in a wide range of colors, from pale aquasto rich dark blues. Even if you think you already know the colors a particular gemstone comes in, take a look at the color ranges listed above. Many gemstones come in a wider range of colors than you might have expected. Sapphires, for example, are famous for their velvety blue color, but they can also occur in lighter shades of blue. You may be interested in a pure blue stone or a blue gemstone with shades of other colors, such as green or violet. Hardness A gemstone's hardness is another important factor to think about. You should not purchase a piece of jewelry with agemstone that hasa hardness of less than 7.0 if you plan on wearing the jewelry daily because the stone could become scratched or cracked. (An exception is if the stone has been placed in a special setting to protect it from damage.) So, for jewelry like bracelets and rings, that often get bumped, choose a stone with a higher hardness, like sapphire or blue topaz, or only wear the jewelry on special occasions. Softer stones set into earrings or necklaces can be worn more frequently, but you should still be careful to avoid damaging them. Jewelry Types Some gemstones are frequently used in the same types of jewelry. Agate, for example, is often used in necklace pendants, while sapphire's brilliant sparkle and high price mean a single stone is often set into a ring.If you're looking for a particular type of jewelry, you may want to choose a gemstone that's often used for those pieces.

Modern Economical Landscape of Philippines Essay

Modern Economical Landscape of Philippines - Essay Example It is marred with corruption, political dynasties, red tape, and nepotism. Investors shy away from the country due to the difficulty of doing business there. As a result, the local economy suffered where unemployment is high subjecting many of its population to abject poverty. Also, many of its best brightest minds left the country to work and migrated overseas (Rappler.com). At present, this flaw in the political and economic infrastructure of the Philippines is not yet corrected as the remittances of its Overseas Foreign Workers are still the biggest contributor to its economy. The second issue why the economy of the Philippines is not strong is because it does not have its own industrial and technological backbone. Its economic base consists merely of business processing units and assembly plants which are primarily owned by the foreign enterprise. These enterprises can leave anytime exposing the vulnerability of the Philippine economy. My two recommendations for the Philippines for the Philippine economy to become prosperous 50 years from now are to reform its political system and build its own industrial and technological base. It can reform its political system by prosecuting corrupt officials and passing into laws that will democratize its political systems such as banning political dynasties and nepotism. Its recent prosecution of corrupt officials under the former President Macapagal Arroyo supports this recommendation as investor’s confidence increased. Investment flourished amid a global crisis. During the period 2011-13 when the global economy is slowing down, the Philippines registered a GNP of 7.2% which is considered as one of the highest in the world (NCSB).  

Is Wind Power Green Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Is Wind Power Green - Research Paper Example On the other hand, fossil oil is not green. Fossil oil produces carbon monoxide (the motor vehicles’ intoxicating exhaust fumes). Fossil oil pollutes the earth’s atmosphere. Fossil oil suffocates the lungs of city residents. Fossil oil destroys life. Green power comes from several sources. First, solar energy comes from maximizing the suns’ energy. Solar panels can convert the sun’s energy to electrical energy. Second, geothermal energy, comes from hot springs. Another source of geothermal energy is the volcanic heat escaping the earth’s internal areas. Third, Ethanol energy comes from grain alcohol. Ethanol is extracted from corn, barley, sugarcane another sugar-based feedstock. Fourth, wind energy comes from windmills and tall free standing turbines. Historically, windmills have been used in Holland for generate energy. Also, the use of green wind energy creates eliminates the hazards and pollution of fossil fuel-based energy. Sidney Borowitz (199 9) emphasized â€Å"Fossil fuels are the remains of organic matter that, over hundreds of millions of years, have undergone substantial physical changes induced by pressure and chemical changes caused by the action of bacteria. The fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. They provide the United States with about 90 percent of the energy it uses. This energy was originally provided by the sun, which made it possible for the plants to grow.† In terms of wind energy, Borowitz (1999) reiterated â€Å"Fossil fuels are the remains of organic matter that, over hundreds of millions of years, have undergone substantial physical changes induced by pressure and chemical changes caused by the action of bacteria. The fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. They provide the United States with about 90 percent of the energy it uses. This energy was originally provided by the sun, which made it possible for the plants to grow†. Using coal will damage the earth’s envir onment. Borowitz (1999) insists coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on earth. Coal creates the biggest damage on the environment. Burning coal creates polluting smoke. The polluting smoke makes breathing difficult. The polluting smoke damages the Ozone layer. Wind energy reduces the air pollution trend in major cities of the United States. Judith Cherni (2002) states the concentration of industrial manufacturing plants’ exhausts immensely contributes to the atmosphere’s pollution. The air pollution significantly derails the average person’s health. Different air pollutant types exert different degrees of health damage to the people. The degree or concentration of the pollutants generates various effects on the average county resident. To reduce the current air pollution trends, the states’ air pollution policies must be effectively and deficiently revised and set into immediate motion. Likewise, a research conducted by Cornelis Van Kooten (2009) shows t hat the earth’s wind energy supplies potential research shows that the world’s wind energy supply potential influentially surpasses the world’s energy needs. However, only one percent of the world’s electricity need is presently supplied by the green wind power. The fact is true even though there is an almost fifty percent yearly growth in the wind producing capabilities over the past twenty five years. Almost 100 percent of the entire green wind energy had been

Formation of Corporations and Stocks Essay Example for Free

Formation of Corporations and Stocks Essay * Why does a company choose to form as a corporation? What are the steps required to become a corporation? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the corporate form of doing business? Corporations are created in order to separate the businesses finances from the person’s individual finances so that they can protect themselves financially. The advantages of forming a corporation are that the business can obtain the credibility so that consumers are more comfortable. Since consumers normally prefers to do business with a corporation. Also by forming a corporation the person protects their assets and name by forming a corporation. The disadvantages are that the process is lengthy and pricey. Also corporations often end up paying more in taxes. Corporations are also monitored very closely and must be in compliance with several entities. * Why is preferred stock referred to as preferred? What are some of the features added to preferred stock that make it more attractive to investors? Would you select preferred stock or common stock as an investment? Why? Preferred stock is considered preferred because it has dividend preference over common stock. Preferred stockholders have the right to receive dividends before common stockholders. The per share dividend amount is stated as a percentage of the preferred stocks per value or as a specified amount. Preferred stockholders must ne paid their annual dividend plus any dividends in arrears before common stockholders receive any dividends. I would select referred stock over common stock because I want to get paid as quickly as possible. * What are the different types of dividends corporations may issue? When should a corporation pay dividends? Do you prefer a stock dividend or a cash dividend? Why There are four types of dividends: 1. cash dividends, 2. property dividends, 3. scrip (note), and 4. stock dividends. A corporation should pay dividends when it has retained earning, adequate cash, and a declaration of dividends. I would prefer a cash dividend. If the corporation issues stock, they are not having to spend actual cash. I want to be reassured that the business actually has my money. I have seen it too many times where huge corporations lie and cheat on paper. I also do not really like the stock market and never have been good at buying, selling, or owning stock.

Validity of Names in Machiavelli’s Prince and Simone de Beauvoir’s Second Sex :: Machiavelli Prince Essays

Validity of Names in Machiavelli’s Prince and Simone de Beauvoir’s Second Sex  Ã‚   People often drop names to assure the achievement of whatever goal it is they are trying to achieve. This tactic works especially well in business, but it can also work in argument. Names of influential people have influential affects. â€Å"I know Don Corleone,† would certainly have gotten nearly anything done in Mario Puzo’s The Godfather. Both Simone de Beauvoir and Niccolà ² Machiavelli used the names of well-known people to add a sense of importance and truth to what it was they were saying. Their choice of names is very similar. They both chose fabled heroes, past and present political figures and fictional powers to help their work gain value. However, they differ in a subtle way. The names are used much like a recipe uses measurements: one part politics to two parts fiction. This ratio adds a different tone to each argument, which also helps to get the author’s, de Beauvoir or Machiavelli’s, point across.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex, there are many references made to true, verifiable sources. Granted that she makes use of nearly all possible spectrums of existence in terms of beings she chooses to cite, there is an underlying tone of definite truth in her work. She cites these people in packs and lists, using context to categorize her groups. â€Å"Some isolated individuals – Sappho [c. 610-c. 580 b.c.], Christine de Pisan [1364-1431], Mary Wollstonecraft [1759-1997], Olympe de Gouges [1748-1793] – have protested against the harshness of their destiny,† (de Beauvoir). â€Å"Joan of Arc (1412-1431), Mme Jeanne-Marie Roland (1759-1793), Flora Tristan (1803-1844)†¦Figures important for their political or revolutionary activity,† (Jacobus: footnote, p 179). In the first case, we see a list of four sure-fire sources, all of whom â€Å"protested against the harshness of their destiny.† We find out later in the work that these four people were all authors. In the second case, we see true-life people, all of whom were some how politically involved. De Beauvoir hits us with a rapid-fire bombardment of undeniable truths. When she uses a fictitious character, however, it is usually alone. â€Å"The suicide of Lucretia has had value only as a symbol,† (de Beauvoir). Here we see a not-so verifiable citation. It is alone in the text, an island surrounded by a sea of de Beauvoir’s own words. This name is by itself.

Europe in World History Essay

Early Modern Europe is the term used to refer to a part of the history of Europe which began in 1648 following the last days of the Treaty of Westphalia and Thirty Years War. The war started due to some religious reasons. On the other hand, during the course of war, the battle focused on a political struggle between the states surrounding the Holy Roman Empire (Eusanz Organization, 2002). What was involved initially was the Austrian Habsburgs because of religious reasons supporting the Catholic side. On the other hand, there was an intervention on the part of Sweden on the Protestant side. France, then, which was a Catholic monarchy, went against Austria for political reasons. However, in the Treaty of Westphalia, the priorities of the powers were not religious but purely political in nature. France or Austria were not able to put up with each other, so these two nations decided to keep a historically fragmented division of the HRE in a number of weak and small states (Eusanz Organization, 2002). The only way to create peace between these powers was a balance of power. All three powerful states in Europe have origins in the feudal system. Feudal aristocracies exercised political power. Modernization and the progressions involved with it gave birth to a class of merchants and craftsmen which became a part of the middle class. The members of the middle class became active in trade which led to surplus increase. The role that the middle class played was in each of the state. They were scattered along the areas of Amsterdam, London and Paris which were bases of economic growth. Of the three locations, Paris had experienced the least degree of modernization, and Amsterdam the most. By the 17th century, Amsterdam had replaced Antwerp as the leading commercial city of Europe, reflecting the leading role that the Dutch had taken in commerce, shipbuilding, fishing and overseas exploration. London, the major seaport serving England’s commerce, was also prominent because of extensive trading contacts with the Lowlands dating back to medieval times, whereas Paris had become significant primarily as the political center of France rather than for commercial reasons. All these explain how the history of Europe alone has changed the history of the world as a whole (Eusanz Organization, 2002). Europe’s role in world history has always been an issue to scholars and especially to historians who always claim to put Europe it a place where it should rightfully be. Another even in the history of Europe was its landmass. The landmass of Europe alone already has a major role in world history. The Afro-Eurasian landmass, coming from South East Asia to North Africa covered various civilizations for 5,000 years which were all home to either pastoral nomadism or agrarian empires. China, India, Kushan Empire, Parthian Empire and the Roman Empire all dominated Eurasia. There were a lot of re-configurations which led to the Roman Empire adapting Christianity, the expansion of Islam, collapse of Persia and China being conquered by the Tang Dynasty. The role of Europe in these developments was that it stood as a frontier society. Christianized and Romanized barbarians constituted Europe during these times. Europe was even quarantined due to the fact that it did not succumb to the major trends of Buddhism’s intellectual advances and Islamic civilization (except for Spain). Along with the transformation of the other neighboring nations came Europe being a new creation itself. When Charlemagne was crowned, it was the sign of European civilization, which mirrored the sign of Islamic civilization when Muhammed finally preached Islam. The history of Europe clearly shows that it constantly expanded all throughout the years. Expansion definitely succeeded when the North East and Spain was conquered. Byzantium Empire was destroyed and Ottoman invasion began. Europe was also successful at developing its culture without the influence of other external factors because it was able to get away with Mongol’s worst excesses. Europe, unlike other countries, was not a successful and rich civilization during these years when it comes to achievements. Then again, Europe was able to expand when Little Ice Age and the Black Death ended. In terms of market and trade, Europe got some resources from India and China. European countries wanted to get into Eurasia’s trading network. It can not be denied the Europe had a small population during those times. Then again, its power was still very enormous. It has a big impact on world history, let its cultural patterns alone when it comes to politics. Secular politics was very well understood by Europe. European civilization deviated from the norms established by Eurasia. These are just among the many proofs that Europe played an important role in world history just by standing on its own and not allowing itself to be influenced by other nations. These factors made Europe a significant head start over other nations in the world. In fact, a lot of societies in the world today have derived its systems, be it economic or political, from the civilization of Europe. These societies were quickly able to approach the time when the investment’s marginal returns justified the expenditure that was continuously expanding. It can not be denied that the complexity level in Europe was high and was once proved to be unsustainable, but this didn’t keep Europe from achieving all the things it has achieved. The history of Europe was not always smooth. At time, it was not topsy-turvy and people suffered a lot, too. Then again, such case is not unique to Europe. Other civilizations in the world had been through the same dilemma, and others, even worse, especially the major ones. However, the situations and the history of European civilization alone make it a unique country from all the others. Its history made its achievements different from the others. There had been wars, and it doesn’t matter who won or lost. After all, the people who say negative things about European civilization are the same people who are claiming the rich heritage Europe has to offer.

Comparing Gods and Goddesses Essay

Years ago, women did not have much power as they do now. Women sat back and took orders from their husbands. Whatever is asking of them to do the women would have to carry out the order with no feedback and nobody jesters. Women were more humble to men and they listened and believed whatever men told them. All women knew how to do was to be a homemaker. Women did not have a problem with staying home cooking, cleaning, ironing, and taking care of the children. Women kept everything in order at home. The one thing women did not do in the home years ago was keep track of the bills. The men did the bill back then, because they were the ones bringing home the money. When it came to spending any money for the house or for the children, the man was in charge. Women were to let the men know what was needed and they will go out and get it. Today women are different; Women are more attractive and keep themselves up. Women do not stay at home and take care of the children. The women today work, go to school, take care the children, and the home. The men today are taking the back seat. The women are in control. In some households, the women are telling the men what to do. The women today have power. To the children the women can fix anything. The men sometimes have the same thoughts. Many look up to the women. The women can heal the sick and feed the hungry and cloth the naked with very little money. Zeus a Greek God had a daughter by the name of Athena. Athena was the Greek Goddess of wisdom. She is fair, strong and very merciful to all. Athena was independent and didn’t rely on anyone. She was also known as one of the three virgin goddesses. Athena was the type of women who didn’t worry about being romanced by a male. She wasn’t concerned with marriage either. To refer back to today’s culture; Athena is what you call a, â€Å"career woman. † She was always busy doing something. The modern women today are all work and no play. Greek goddess by the name of Artemis was as strong as an ox. She doesn’t need a male to protect her. Artemis is the defender and guardian of all women in childbirth. She also loves the wilderness. So she protects those women too. Artemis dislikes men because they are of no use to her. She isn’t interested in getting married either because she feels that it takes away from a women’s freedom. So Artemis is very close to her female friends. They walk the forest together all the time. Unlike Athena, Artemis doesn’t really care to deal with the city life. She would rather be in the wilderness with the animals. Even though Artemis disliked men, she allowed the young boys to come and learn new things at her sanctuary. So she wasn’t as bad as the people thought she was. She was just a strong minded woman who loved nature. She loved being outdoors. Artemis is a great defender to all. Unlike Artemis, Athena wore a helmet and walked around holding a shield. She was rational and very intelligent. She was wise and a peacemaker. She is powerful and strong like Artemis. She defends her people in war but is also a peacemaker. Artemis is young and beautiful and wears leaves to cover her body. She doesn’t cover her legs. The costume that she wears could possibly cause problems with the Greek gods because of the way it looks. She feels that her costume represents sacrificed animals. It could represent breast and fruits also. But goddess’s views were very different from the Gods. Gods are usually described in terms of the various sociopolitical roles that they fulfill. † The function of the god myths are to explain phenomena to fasten a culture, record and pass on historical events, set example for people, and set behavior standards for generation to follow. Natural phenomena’s like thunder, lightening, miracles, and seasonal changes are all associated with god myths. God myths explain these phenomena’s that people find hard to understand. For example, the Myth Persephone and Hades started by the Greeks to explain winter and why it happens. Myths of the gods and are also created and function as explanations for happenings after death occurrences of certain miracles, and the creation of the Earth. Function of myth is to justify and validate the ritual practices and cultic celebrations. At time myth are also etiological in its function, in trying to explain the causes of certain customs and practices or how a particular name of the place originated. In traditional societies myth has an educational value, it was used to introduce or stress a particular moral value. People needing to believe is a common element in all society if you get people to believe in what you are saying the will follow. Myth by nature depicts a time period that is usually a remote past, in which gods and goddesses are the chief characters. A myth usually points to an unknown transcendental reality in symbolic form. It has a tremendous psychological impact on the listeners as it makes the listeners almost believe that those things really happened. Religious people have sacred narratives, call myths, which explain how things got the way they are. Proverbs and legends escribe wisdom and phenomenal exploits â€Å"in ordinary, profane time,† myths portray the work of spiritual power in arranging the existing order â€Å"in primordial, sacred time’ (Loewen 1969b, 150). National myths describe how tribes and nations came into being. Deity myths recount relationships between humanity and divinity: Spirit myths depict the origin and functions of lower spiritual beings. Sickness myths reveal ancient sources and causes of illness. Cosmic myths describe the origin and cause of catastrophic events, such as earthquakes, lightning, thunder, drought, rain, and eclipses. Describe the elements and function of god myth just depends on the cultures and what they have been told to believe. Just like us as human we are taught to believe what we have been taught from generation to generation from our ancestor something are believable and something’s just are not but they are not question. God is often portrayed like a person who is outside us. He controls the world from outside like a king controls his subjects. He is often called Superman who moves the earth and the heaven. God is in control of the female and male divine culture. The female and male divine possess different elements and functions starting in early era of time and carried in today’s era. The male is considered the stronger, aggressive, masculine and brutish image. The female is cunningly, not weak with an inner strength voice that speaks to her soul. The male divine is the protector of the house, the provider, and control the needs of the household. The male divine only cater to his needs and not respect the female desires. The early eras of life the female was expect to stay at home and take care of the house, children, and male and not enter the working world. Society today has changed whereas the female is working and supporting the family needs and stills mange the household. Although society has continued to change the male divine found switching the roles play by staying at home and supporting the family needs. The role play has impact a different outlook on life in the male divine. Technically the female and male divine is different hormones, brains functions, and the heritance of traits from family heritage. The female is strong minded in varies subject and aspect that affects the controlling of the household. The male divine still does not grip the concept that the female divine is powerful and put here to help support the male divine in every aspect of life. Female divine are to walk beside and not behind the male. The both female and male are difference in appearance that how the attraction for each other beginning. The outer appearance attracts male to female leading to companionship. The male looks to the females to ease the discomfort with compassion, understanding, stroking the bad feeling to make it better but the opinion of the female seem unimportant to male at the first sign of the situation. Yet the male has to make a step backward to say the female opinion is right. The male ego is a huge quest for the male to let down his guards. The female and male divine continues to live in harmony and depend on the different ideas and opinion that each possess and strive for completeness. When the male and female learns to share, communicate, listen, and willingness to share the solution of all concerns coming up with right decision as one. Female and male should not be in competition for seeing who the better person is. Throughout history the elements and function has not change for the female and male divine it just seem to adapt along with society principles of what society anticipate. Female and male divine has many elements and functions to help stay focus on the various barriers of life by adapting to society changing society. Finally, the male and the female divine share the same functions. They both are in authority to give orders, and many people look up to them both. They know life will bring different kinds for issues to endure, but they are willing to go throw and handle them with the proper approach. The male and the female divine are just alike concerning their children, and being there for their children. If mom is not available, the child will turn to their dad. The male and the female are valued. They are both beautiful people with values and power they both share. They give and take orders from each other, and other people. They both share a desire to love one another, and the male divine loves beautiful, smart women can stand on her on and fix life-changing problems. The woman wants the same values in a man. The elements and functions shared by the female and the male are on going from generations to generation.

Socialism and an American Utopia essays

Socialism and an American Utopia essays A dreamer is someone who believes in things being better than the way they are, being perfect. Not many people have sub-par dreams. A politician is someone who seeks for personal or partisan gain. If you take a politician and a little bit of a dreamer and mix them together, you get a person such as Jane Addams or Edward Bellamy. They both believed that American society could achieve a greater degree of democratic equality and social justice. Both of them tried to make their dream come true by influencing society in different ways. They both had two different ideas about the ways and the result of this so-called "American Utopia." Above all Addams believed that each person had an ability to contribute to society and that if society did not give them a proper chance to develop their skills, human life would go to ruin. Her political views are very simple to understand. She was a socialist. Dictionary.com defines socialism as any of various theories or systems of social organization in which the means of producing and distributing goods is owned collectively or by a centralized government that often plans and controls the economy. It also defines it as the stage in Marxist-Leninist theory intermediate between capitalism and communism, in which collective ownership of the economy under the dictatorship of the proletariat has not yet been successfully achieved. She is not only a women's rights activist, Nobel peace prize winner, distinguished public orator, but also a politician with an unrealistic dream. Socialism will not and can not work or survive in America. Many political science majors, as well as others, believe Socialism is a proper replacement for, what they refer to as, a democratic capitalism because that is what many believe. Many people equate capitalism with democracy but it's not true. I would refer to it as a mix of Capitalism, just because our society is built on material items which cost capital, and Darwinian Democra...

The New SAT What You Need to Know

The New SAT What You Need to Know The New SAT: What You Need to Know Originally called the â€Å"Scholastic Aptitude Test,† the SAT is a standardized test used for college admissions in the US. Understanding the SAT is therefore essential for anyone looking to enroll at a US college. However, starting this month (or May 2016 for international students), the SAT has changed. And if you’re thinking of applying to college this year, you’ll need to know the difference. Main Changes In terms of structure, the new SAT still focuses on math and English skills, but with an ‘evidence-based reading and writing’ section replacing the separate writing and critical reading components of the old test. The essay component is now also optional and scored separately, rather than compulsory. Old SAT New SAT 1. Critical reading 2. Writing 3. Math 4. Essay 1. Evidence-based reading and writing 2. Math 3. Essay (optional) On top of these structural differences, some of the main changes include: Scores will now be given on a 1600 point scale (800 for math; 800 for reading/writing) instead of the old 2400 point scale Incorrect answers will no longer be penalized on multiple-choice questions Less focus on obscure vocabulary, more on understanding words in context and evidence-based reasoning Math component now only permits use of a calculator on some sections Preparing for the New SAT Since this new SAT differs significantly from the old one, it’s vital to prepare accordingly. This might involve: Learning the New Test Format The simplest and most important thing you can do before sitting the new SAT is learning exactly how it has changed; knowing the general structure and format of the SAT will allow you to focus your revision and ensures you won’t be surprised when the test day arrives. Honing Your Critical Reading The new SAT focuses more on evidencing your claims, critical analysis and understanding information in context (rather than answering sentence completion questions). This makes it essential to work on your reading skills as well as your vocabulary. Taking a Practice Test As ever with exams, the best way to prepare is taking a practice paper. For the new test, your best option is the Khan Academy Official SAT Practice site.

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Theories of motivation in competitive sport - Essay Example One of the main aims and focus of all people involved in competitive sports is the ability to motivate the athletes. This has been a major focused issue as in a competitive game, the only things that separates the competitors is the motivation that they have. There are a number of different techniques and skills used by both the athletes and the coaches to motivate the individuals and to perform better in the competitions. There have been a number of motivational techniques used by coaches to ensure that the individual performance is optimum and there have also been a number of researches that have been conducted in the field of sports psychology which has been mainly to discover the motivation techniques and secrets for better performance of the athletes. All the theories that have been developed over the years have been focused on several aspects of the individuals like the initiation, influence and also the modification of behavior. Several theories in the earlier times like those by Freud 1923 / 1962, Skinner 1953 / 1971, and also Hull 1943, highlighted a few factors and dealt with the deterministic aspects of the factors alone. For instance, Freud dealt with the instinctual drives, while Hull dealt with physiological drives and Skinner the environmental drives. These theories have proved to be very successful over the years; however there have been a number of criticism and concerns that have also been put forth in the past. The theories deal with the individuals in a method which states them to be passive beings and are those affected highly by the physiology and environment which leads their performance. However with time and with time and over the several researches that have been conducted, there have also been a number of different views and suggestions that have been developed by White, 1959. White proposed that people are more driven by the competent and effectiveness of their skills.

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Financial Motivation in University Students - Research Proposal Example One major factor that can be considered as the potential main motivation behind a student’s work rate is the goals that they wish to achieve in the future. For many youths, the concept of education making an individual a better and well-rounded person is not enough to keep their noses in the books when they have the chance to go out and do something that they find more entertaining and no-one to stop them. Therefore, when talking with regard to the future, material possessions and status can be considered more effective drives to make an individual study harder. However, other sources of motivation that do not relate to financial success should also be taken into consideration as the wealth is not the only factor to motivate individuals. For example, an individual who has been raised in a wealthy family with the assurance of financial security whether he succeeds in his quest for higher learning or not will be motivated by the thought of financial success as this is already av ailable to them. Other sources of motivation will be studied in such cases such as respect from their peers as well as pride; one may be motivated to excel in their education to prove that they are not dependent upon their family’s financial cushion and are able to make it in life without such assistance (Lara & Norton, 2009).The temptations that are present in the life of a university are many and the need for a strong motivation is a necessity should one want to succeed in overcoming them and going on to excel.

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Economic Impact Of India Hosting The Commonwealth Games Tourism Essay As well as many Olympic sports, the Games also include some sports that are played mainly in Commonwealth countries, such as lawn bowls, rugby sevens and netball The Games are overseen by the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF), which also controls the sporting programmed and selects the host cities. The host city is selected from across the Commonwealth, with eighteen cities in seven countries having hosted it. The event was first held in 1930 under the title of the British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The event was renamed as the British Empire and Commonwealth Games in 1954, the British Commonwealth Games in 1970, and gained its current title in 1978. Only six teams have attended every Commonwealth Games: Australia, Canada, England, New Zealand, Scotland and Wales. Australia has been the highest achieving team for eleven games, England for seven and Canada for one. There are currently 54 members of the Commonwealth of Nations, and 71 teams participate in the Games. The four Home Nations of the United Kingdom England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland send separate teams to the Commonwealth Games, and individual teams are also sent from the British Crown dependencies of Guernsey, Jersey and the Isle of Man (unlike at the Olympic Games, where the combined Great Britain team represents all four home nations and the Crown dependencies). Many of the British overseas territories also send their own teams. The Australian external territory of Norfolk Island also sends its own team, as do the Cook Islands and Niue, two states in free association with New Zealand. It was reported that Tokelau, another dependency of New Zealand would be sending a team to the 2010 Games in New Delhi, India. In the end however they did not. Common Wealth Games 2010 in India To Aim is to Achieve-India has aimed for successfully hosting the prestigious mega event of Commonwealth Games and India will achieve it. To fulfill this dream an enormous amount of work needs to done. This dream was born long back when India hosted the Asian Games in 1982, the entire nation dream of hosting the Olympics one day. After a long gap of more than 20 years and due to lack to will and infrastructure we were unable to get the opportunity again. This time, the things fall our way and we won the bid to host the nineteenth Commonwealth Games in 2010. The vision was to host the mega event in a way it has never happened before and leave a mark in the history of the event organization. As the time passed by the vision became the mission and Delhi has to gear up to create the state of the art infrastructure. New Delhi was deliberately chosen as it has its rich experience of the Asian Games behind. Moreover it has some already existed infrastructure like Indira Gandhi Arena, Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Dhyan Chand National stadium etc. The rich culture of Delhi and its hospitality also plays a pivotal role in the organization. To accomplish the mission a total budget of US$ 1.6 billion is estimated which will make the 2010 event, the most expensive Commonwealth Games ever. Games Village: A new modern games village of 63.5 hectare is being built on the bank of river Yamuna at the cost of USD 230.7 million. It is situated near the renowned landmark Akshardham Temple. The village will hold the capacity of 8500 athletes and officials. The old stadiums like Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium are also getting a facelift. A new society is getting constructed along the village side to provide free accommodation and cutting health facilities to the athletes. Infrastructure: The preparation is on full swing and Delhi is experiencing a city makeover. To boost up the infrastructure Delhis transport was the biggest pain, to eradicate this problem Delhi Metros plan was POSTIVES OF COMMONWEALTH ON INDIAN ECONOMICS India is a developing country. Ironically, India is a country which is, on one hand struggling with the problem of poverty since the time of independence while on the other hand is spending millions on the Commonwealth Games. But the people on the other side of the coin think that it will lead to urban regeneration, economic profit development of Delhi in terms of new hotels, metro extention, flyovers etc. and will give India great exposure to the world through global media. Economy of the country is complex structure which depends on agriculture innovative developement,manufacturing goods sctor,services rendered by the country ,infrastructure developement etc .The conduction of Sports developes the professionals in the fled of sports and games and bring the country in the eyes of the world with a minor impact on the economy in the form of improving the local infrastructure Think thrice before doing wrong things but dont think fraction of second before doing good things Commonwealth Games 2010 is going to be the biggest Commonwealth Games in history. It is only fair that one should expect that India should get good returns on the amount of resources and time that India has invested in the Games. Yes, one can rightly call it an investment, for the benefits that India can come to gain from the Games are enormous. The Commonwealth Games hold the promise of great economic returns even after they are over. The development and building of the infrastructure in Delhi in preparation for the Games have already released a lot of money into the economy. The building of sports venues, hotels, flyovers etc have involved many contractors, construction companies, and daily wage earners. The amount of work that is being done across the city is making sure that a lot of jobs are on offer. Even after completion, these projects will require management and maintenance, especially the sports venues, stadiums, and hotels thereby generating more job openings. To accommodate the tourists expected during the Commonwealth Games numerous small hotels, bed breakfasts and other hotels are being built to meet the requirements as estimated by the government. The Games, even before officially having started are generating jobs on a large scale. But once the Games start, that is when the Government of India expects to break even and maybe gain even more. ASSOCHAM (The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India) predicts that tourism alone is going to bring in US$ 16.915 million in 2010 because of the Games. All tourism industries and industries related to providing services to tourists are expecting a rainfall during the Games, and seeing the above figure, they are right in doing so. India estimates 10 million tourists will visit India in 2010, with a large percentage of them coming during the Games. The main industries expected to benefit from this are Tour Operators, Travel Agents, Hotel Industry, Aviation Industry, Airport Authorities, and the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. Even the small industries, which produce and market small knick knacks, such as the markets in Janpath, Sarojni Nagar etc and even the malls and bigger markets are going to benefit during the Games. The cities surrounding Delhi, that serve a s weekend getaways and popular tourist destinations, are also looking forward to a large influx of tourists. The games are going to benefit a lot of people indeed. It is only once the Games get over that the real long term benefits to the Indian economy are going to come into effect. If Delhi can pull off a good show during the Games, Delhi and India may find itself soon becoming a tourist hotspot. The average number of foreign tourists coming to India is going to rise by an estimated 5 10% after the Games. Currently India gets only a small percentage of income generated by the tourism industry worldwide. The Games will give Delhi and thus India great publicity as a tourist destination, and give its image as a tourist destination a much-needed boost. The success of the Games holds a lot in its hands. Until now, India has been a tourist destination for the eccentric or adventurous traveler, this all stands to change after the Games, and all this change is good, as it will benefit India and its people. 2. Worldwide Experiences The world over, cities vie with each other to host hallmark events such as the Olympics, World Cups etc. It is seen by many as a sure way of shooting the host city into the limelight, resulting in an economic windfall (Baade and Matheson, 2003), and at the same time giving these host cities the impetus to improve domestic facilities and infrastructure. The impact of being the host city, range from the physical (construction projects) to the intangible (local self-esteem or international impact). The impact that an event of this kind has on the urban landscape can largely be gauged by the size of the Legacy that it creates. It is important to note here that it is not only legacy creation that is important, but creating a legacy which is beneficial to the host community post games, and which justifies the costs involved. The controversy surrounding these events however is centred on its economic sense. Do these games make money for the host city or not? The data from past Olympic Games seems to suggest not Sector Changes caused by the Olympics Transportation The transportation system is changed by an improved infrastructure and new concepts of public transportation. In Munich 72, the subway was expanded, in Seoul 88 many major roads were improved and in Barcelona 92 the ring roads were built. Telecommunication system A high standard in telecommunications is another important location factor to keep existing, or attract new enterprises. In this sector, the Olympics bring the latest technology into the city to satisfy the demand in telecommunications services during the Olympics. After the games, the systems remain existent. Sports facility structure Olympics have the strongest influence on the sports facilities structure in the city. There must be adequate and sufficient sports and training facilities for all sports at An international level. After the games, these facilities are often available for leisure Sports. Housing In most cities, Olympic villages are newly constructed. The question of the social distribution of the newly created housing units is reviewed. In Munich 72, the Olympic Village was constructed for the socially deprived groups of society. In other cities, the Olympic Villages were sold to the middle and lower-upper classes. In Los Angeles 84 and Atlanta 96, the villages continued to be students homes. Urban culture The general embellishment of a city, an improved transportation system, additional leisure time facilities and numerous ecological projects frequently lead to a revival of the city centre by improving the city atmosphere. Source: Preuss, 1998 the costs of these mega-events almost always run in to billions of dollars. Japan spent over $4 billion, and South Korea $2 billion, on new stadiums and infrastructure for the 2002 World Cup. China has spent a reported $20 billion on infrastructure improvements ahead for 2008 Olympics. Athens spent over $1 billion only on security expenses during the 2004 Olympics (Baade, R and Matheson, V, 2003). Substantial economic impact provides backers of such events with a justification for public subsidies for mega-event infrastructure. They argue that the expenditure must be viewed as an investment that will in turn give returns. However this is a case where vested interests are at stake. Many independent researchers have found that ex ante predictions made by the event organizers of economic impact, far exceed the ex post estimates. The obvious question that NEGATIVES OF COMMON WEALTH GAMES Corruption in Commonwealth Games There are also allegations of wide spread corruption in various aspects of organising the games including procurement and awarding contracts for constructing the game venues. The Commonwealth Games Organizing Committee on 5th Aug 2010 suspended T S Darbari (joint director in the organizing committee) and Sanjay Mahendroo (deputy director general in the organising committee) following the report of the three-member panel which was probing the financial irregularities related to the Queens Baton Relay. Also Organizing Committee treasurer Anil Khanna resigned from the post in the wake of allegations that his sons firm had secured a contract for laying synthetic courts at a tennis stadium.    The two principal bids for the 2010 Commonwealth Games India is a developing country. Focus on the word developing as India is not yet developed. Ironically, India is a country which is, on one hand struggling with the problem of poverty since the time of independence while on the other hand is spending millions on the Commonwealth Games! Forty percent of Indias population is below the poverty line which clearly indicates that the booming Indian economy is still unable to feed a majority of its citizens. Climatic change like global warming is causing an agricultural crisis for the peasants all over the country, worsening their conditions which, in turn, is leading to inflation in the economy, energy resources are getting depleted, unskilled and poor people are forced to get involved in unorganized employment with least possible wages and lets not forget the skilled and literate unemployedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but who really cares? India is too busy with Commonwealth Games! Indias present goal should be the development of human resources, dealing with poverty and creating a healthy, wealthy and literate India. I believe that as a result of the approaching Commonwealth Games, India, especially Delhi is undergoing a complete makeover where the infrastructure is concerned. Lavish five-star hotels, better flyovers, etc, are being constructed. Better buses can be seen running on the roads of Delhi. Why all this? Just to show that India is on its way to become a developed nation soon? But can it hide those shabby and disguised slums behind the shimmering and glamorous construction? Can it suppress the cries of those million hungry stomachs? Can it? Unfortunately not! And can anyone explain how modern infrastructure helps those million unemployed men who have to support half a dozen of their family members without any source of income? I wont deny the fact that may be these games will have an international impact and benefit a particular section of the society temporarily. But this is where the most significant question arises that if the games will benefit a certain strata of the society which is already rich and powerful then what happens to those strata of the Indian population which is below the poverty line? Who bears the responsibility of their welfare? I also agree that the Commonwealth Games will usher in a certain amount of employment but will it offer employment to millions of unemployed? And by the way this is only for a temporary period of time. Then what? Back to square one? Thus, a country like India wearing poverty in the form of national shame cannot afford to conduct such games at the cost of its poverty stricken citizens. Therefore India should first win the race against poverty and then think of going international through such ventures. Hence Indias poverty and the hosting of Commonwealth Games are not at all compatible as for a nation the welfare of its citizen is its first priority and not the conduction of sports and leisure. 6. Conclusion One can see that at least on paper; the city is all set to transform itself by the time it plays host to the Commonwealth Games. However it is also necessary to keep one thing in mind, and that is that Delhi is otherwise too a rapidly growing city, a dynamic economy and an integral part of Indias growth engine. Delhi is estimated to have a population of approx. 192 lakh people by 2010, compared to 140 lakh in 2001, a growth of nearly 40%16. This means that it would be wrong to place the causation of all infrastructure and urban development onto the Commonwealth Games. A large amount of it would probably have taken place anyway, the games just gives it a geographical bias and a deadline. The world over there is a serious re-think taking place among city officials as well as academics about the way to go about these events. Do they do more harm than good is not a question that has been answered conclusively, as many of the benefits derived are intangible ones. However it has yet to be conclusively shown that these events are beneficial as well and it is crucial to examine each event independently, studying its unique characteristics, as well as examine previous events and try and learn from their mistakes. Delhis citizens have a right to know about the benefits that such events can have to the city, but need to be informed of the downsides as well. The present plan for the Commonwealth Games may be a recipe for an ecological and financial disaster, or they might finally put the city, and the country, on the world map. They may bring in a new era where electricity and water problems, perennial problems in the city, are no longer an issue or they might increase the burden on an already overloaded system. Popular perception tells us that the Asian Games was an unmitigated success. Closer analysis tells us that it was not so simple. The Commonwealth Games, with some smart marketing, may just follow in those footsteps.